THE RELATION OF GRAMMAR TO KNOWLEDGE

Nowadays anthropocentric orientation dominates in linguistics,
especially when it comes to human factor. The anthropocentric
principle is directed to the study of categorical disclosure of two
major functions in the dialectical domain, namely, cognitive and
communicative functions. Cognitive linguistics has firmly taken
its place in the paradigm of concepts in modern linguistics. In this
case, language acts as a tool for discovering the world. Cognitive
approach to language is a belief that linguistic form is ultimately
a reflection of cognitive structures, that is, structures of human
consciousness, thinking and cognition. Therefore, through the
system of signs of a natural language, we can achieve access to
the inner mental lexicon of people – the most important
mechanism of cognitive processing of information. Knowledge is
encoded in the semantics of language units. In cognitive
approach, we try to distinguish how we define knowledge and
share it, describing its specific features. The central category in
the cognitive approach to language is the category of knowledge.
Knowledge is a basic, fundamental form of cognitive
organization of knowledge about culture. Language is used to
determine the level of knowledge. Knowledge, reflected in
language, shows the results of human mental activity. Thinking is
done through language, thinking is shaped and expressed through
language. Baytursynov believed that verbal art relies on three
bases of human consciousness — mind, fantasy, and mood.
However, in order to make other people understand your thoughts
precisely, you need to possess great mastery of the art of the
word. A. Baitursynov believed that the price of words can
become great only when they most adequately reflect the
feelings, experiences and thoughts of the speaker or writer.
Everyone can speak, but not everyone can convey the exact
meaning of their thoughts in their words. This is because the
thoughts of people expressed in words do not always coincide, it
happens quite often. Everyone can express himself or herself,
since they are people. However, not everyone can always use
words skillfully to accurately express their thoughts, feelings and
experiences. Speech and its graphic image are forms of
expression of thought. Therefore, speech and thought must
coincide. A word and a thought must match. All people should
achieve this if they want to understand each other correctly.
Nevertheless, in practice, something quite different happens.
Many people can talk for as long as they wish, and even
smoothly, but meaninglessly. Such people are simply called
talkers. However, a talker is not always a thinker. Consequently,
the word and thought are not identical, their form and content are
significantly different from each other (Baitursynov A., 1991:
343).
Relations of objective reality are reflected in language. Language
expresses a person’s worldview. The image of the world is
perceived by consciousness through various human senses (sight,
hearing, skin, taste) and is formed as a result of information
processing. In the course of historical development, two types of
knowledge were formed – sensual and logical. If sensory
cognition is associated with sensation, perception and
representation through the human senses, then logical cognition
as a result of thinking is aimed at determining the essence,
specificity, patterns of any phenomena. Over time, knowledge is
ordered, systematized as a common collective worldview. It
adopts the general character of speakers of a particular language,
becomes a part of culture. The stock of knowledge accumulated
over many centuries reflects traditions and customs, skills and
abilities, features of thinking, worldview, inherent in a certain
ethnic cultural community.
Each language reflects reality only in its own way, where
collective philosophy is reflected, and in addition to the scientific
image of the world, another image is also displayed. Due to the
variety of ways of perception, results are also different.
The peculiarity of the language is that it plays a major role in the
formation and accumulation, structuring (the process of
conceptualization) of knowledge about the world, as well as
creation and expansion of conceptual system. What surrounds us,
the whole world is displayed in words. A concept is a thought,
representation, knowledge of a subject about the world.
Therefore, the concept, while maintaining knowledge of the
world, creates a conceptual system. It enables a person to
analyze, compare different concepts among themselves, thanks to
which new concepts are created.
Grammatical concept is the result of generalization at the highest
level. In lexical system of a language, grammatical groups
appear, that is, parts of speech, lexical and grammatical groups,
and series. Categories reflected in grammar are mandatory, so
when studying morphology from a cognitive point of view, it is
possible to determine what is important for a particular language,
what cannot be outside the field of view of the speaker, which
parts of human experience are reflected in the picture of the
world, how they are classified.
Keywords: anthropocentrism, conceptualization, parts of speech